Ndinaya
Ndị alkanes bụ klaasị hydrocarbons nke ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ nke carbon atọm a na -ejikọ ya na otu agbụ, dị ka ọkpụkpụ, a na -ejikọkwa atọm atọm ọ bụla atọm hydrogen, nke nwere ike mechaa dochie ya ọzọ atọm ma ọ bụ otu kemịkal.
Ụdị ihe omimi nke alkanes bụ C.nH2n + 2, ebe C na -anọchite anya carbon, H na -anọchite anya hydrogen na n na -anọchite anya ọnụọgụ atọm carbon. Alkanes bụ hydrocarbons jupụtara. Iji kpọọ ha aha, mgbakwunye "-afọ”.
Ọ nwere ike ijere gị ozi:
- Ihe Nlereanya nke Alkynes
- Ihe Nlereanya nke Alkenes
Nhazi
N'ime alkanes, a na -amatakarị nnukwu nnukwu mmadụ abụọ dị mkpa n'etiti ha: oghe oghe (nke a na -akpọkwa acyclic) na agbachi agbụ (ma ọ bụ cyclical).
Mgbe ogige agbụ na -egosipụtaghị ihe nnọchianya ọ bụla nke hydrogens na -eso atom carbon ọ bụla, a na -akpọ ha alkanes linear: ndị a bụ alkanes kachasị mfe. Mgbe ha gosipụtara nnọchi, a na -akpọ ha alkanes ndị gbara ọkpụrụkpụ. Ndị nọchiri anya ya bụ hydroxyl na methyl otu, na halogens.
N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ogige nwere otu okirikiri na molekul na ndị ọzọ nwere ọtụtụ; a na -akpọ ha monocyclic na polycyclic n'otu n'otu. Cyclic alkanes nwere ike ịbụ homonụ ma ọ bụ ụdị heterocyclic.
- A na -emepụta nke mbụ site na ntinye aka nke mkpụrụ ndụ carbon.
- Na nke ikpeazụ, atọm ndị ọzọ na -esonye, dịka ọmụmaatụ, oxygen ma ọ bụ sọlfọ.
Njirimara anụ ahụ
N'ozuzu, akụrụngwa anụ ahụ nke alkanes nwere ọnọdụ site na igwe molekul (n'aka nke ya jikọtara ogologo). Ndị nwere ọnụọgụ carbons kacha dị ala bụ gas na ụlọ okpomọkụ, ndị sitere na carbon carbon 5 ruo 18 bụ ihe ọ liụ .ụ, na karịa ọnụọgụ a siri ike (yiri wax).
Ịbụ dị obere karịa mmiri, ha na -agbagharị n'elu ya. Na mkpokọta, alkanes anaghị agbaze na mmiri ma nwee ike ịgbari na ihe mgbaze. Ha na -ewepụta nnukwu ume ọrụ.
Ndị alkanes ejiri mara ịbụ ogige kemịkal nke ukwuuogbenye reactivity, nke mere na akpọkwara ha "paraffins" (na Latin, parum affinis pụtara "obere mmekọrịta"). Mmeghachi omume kacha mkpa alkanes nwere ike ime bụ combustion, na -emepụta okpomọkụ, carbon dioxide na mmiri n'ihu ikuku oxygen.
Alkanes bụ ihe ndabere maka mmeghachi omume dị iche iche dị mkpa nke metụtara usoro mmepụta ihe dị oke mkpa, ịbụ mmanụ ọkụ ọdịnala. Ha na -apụtakwa dị ka ngwaahịa ikpeazụ nke usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka gbaa ụka methanogenic nke ụfọdụ na -eme microorganisms.
Ịmaatụ alkanes
Anyị ga-ekwupụta alkanes iri abụọ, gụnyere ụfọdụ ahịrị ndị ama ama na ahịrị ndị nwere akara, na njedebe nke ndepụta ahụ:
- Chloroform (aha mara mma nke trichloromethane; CHCl3) - A na -eji vepo nke ihe a dị ka ọgwụ na -akụnwụ ahụ n'oge gara aga. Akwụsịla ya maka ebumnuche a n'ihi na achọpụtara ya imebi akụkụ ndị dị mkpa, dịka imeju ma ọ bụ akụrụ. Ojiji ya taa bụ isi dị ka ihe mgbaze ma ọ bụ igwe nju oyi.
- Methane (CH4) - Nke a bụ alkane kachasị mfe: ihe mejupụtara ya bụ naanị otu carbon atom na hydrogen anọ. Ọ bụ gas nke na -apụtakarị site na ndakpọ nke mkpụrụ osisi dị iche iche, yana akụkụ bụ isi nke gas. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a matala ya dị ka otu gas nke na-enye aka na ihe a na-akpọ mmetụta griin haus.
- Octane (C.8H18) - nke a bụ alkane carbon -asatọ ma ọ dị nnukwu mkpa ebe ọ na -ekpebi ogo ikpeazụ nke naphthas, nke bụ ngwakọta nke hydrocarbons dị iche iche. A na-eji ogo octane ma ọ bụ nọmba octane nke mmanụ a tụọ ịdị mma a, nke na-ewere dị ka ntụaka nke na-adị ntakịrị (ndepụta 100) yana nke na-agbawa agbawa (index 0).
- Hexane (C.6H14) - bụ ihe mgbaze dị mkpa, ekwesịrị izere iku ume, n'ihi na ọ na -egbu egbu nke ukwuu.
- Butane (C.4H10) - ya na propane (C3H8), mebere ihe akpọrọ gas gas (LPG), nke etinyere n'ime akpa gas n'oge a na-ewepụta mmanụ. Dochie mmanụ ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụ mmanụ dizel site na LPG ka a na -akwalite mmanụ ọkụ, ebe ọ bụ hydrocarbon dị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi site na iwepụta naanị carbon dioxide na mmiri n'ọkụ ya.
- Icosano - nke ahụ bụ ihe akpọrọ alkane carbon-carbon (nganiihu 'ico' pụtara iri abụọ)
- Cyclopropane - a na -ejibu ọgwụ mgbu
- n heptane - Alkane a bụ nke ewere dị ka ntụaka maka efu efu nke mmanụ octane, nke ga -abụ ihe na -adịchaghị mma, ebe ọ na -agba ọkụ nke ukwuu. A na -enweta ya site na resin nke ụfọdụ osisi.
- 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane (C.9H20)
- 2-methylbutane
- 3-chloro-4-n-propylheptane
- 3,4,6-trimethyl heptane
- 1-phenyl 1-bromoethane
- 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane
- 5-isopropyl-3-methylnonane
- bicyclopropane
- 1-bromopropane
- 3-methyl-5-n-propyloctane
- 5-n-butyl-4,7-diethyldecane
- 3,3-dimethyl decane
Ọ nwere ike ijere gị ozi:Ihe Nlereanya nke Hydrocarbons
