Ndinaya
A na -ahụta acid dị ka ihe ọ bụla nke, mgbe ewepụrụ ya na mmiri mmiri, wepụta ion hydrogen (H+) ma soro ụmụ irighiri mmiri mee ihe iji mepụta ion hydronium (H3Ma ọ bụ+). A na -emepụta acid site na nchikota oxide na mmiri, na nsonaazụ nsonaazụ na -enweta pH acid, ya bụ, na -erughị 7.
N'aka nke ọzọ, a na -emepụta ntọala site na ogige nke na -ewepụta ion hydroxyl (OH '') n'ime mmiri. ma mee ka pH nke ihe ngwọta gafere pH 7.
Akụkọ
Wayzọ ịkọwapụta acid na ntọala bụ nke kacha ochie yana akụkụ nke echiche Arrhenius, nke sitere na ngwụsị narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, Brönsted na Lowry kọwara acid dị ka ihe ndị nwere ike ịhapụ proton (H+) na ntọala dịka ndị nwere ike ịnabata proton (H+) nke acid nyere. Abatala na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, Lewis kpebisiri ike na acid bụ ihe nwere ike ịkekọrịta ma ọ bụ nabata otu ụzọ elektrọn, ebe ntọala nwere ike ịkekọrịta ma ọ bụ nye otu ụzọ elektrọn.
Njirimara
Acids na -adịkarị ụtọ ma na -emebi emebi; ntọala ndị ahụ na -emebi emebi, na -enwe ụtọ caustic na mmetụ ncha. A na -akpọkarị ọchịchọ nke acid ikewapụ na ibelata pH dị ka "ike acid." Bụ ihe atụ nke asịd siri ike perchloric, sọlfọ, hydroiodic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric na nitric.
N'otu aka ahụ, enwere ike ịtụle ha dịka ntọala siri ike potassium, sodium, lithium na magnesium hydroxide. Acetic, citric, na benzoic acid, n'aka nke ọzọ, bụ acid adịghị ike; amonia bụ ntọala adịghị ike.
Kedu ka esi akpụ nnu?
Ndị ị pụọ bụ ogige ionic nke mgbagwoju anya dị iche iche, bara ụba na okike na A na -emepụta ya site na njikọta acid na ntọala, na -emepụta mwepụta mmiri. Nnu nwere ike na -anọpụ iche, acidic ma ọ bụ nke nkiti. Na mbụ, a na -edochi mkpụrụ ndụ hydrogen niile dị na acid cation metal. Nnu nnu, n'aka nke ọzọ, na -echekwa otu ma ọ bụ karịa atọm hydrogen.
N'aka nke ya, nnu nwere ike ịbụ okpukpu abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ihe karịrị otu cation ma ọ bụ karịa otu anion. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, calcium potassium fluoride bụ nnu na -anọpụ iche abụọ (CaKF3), n'ihi na o nwere cations abụọ dị iche iche. N'ikpeazụ, ọ bara uru ịkọwa nnu ndị bụ isi, nke opekata mpe otu anion bụ anion hydroxide, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ọla kọpa chloride trihydroxide (Cu2Cl (OH)3).
N'aka nke ọzọ, a na -akpọ ha nnu ternary ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nye ndị enwetara site na ijikọta ọla na radical, dị ka sulfate, carbonate ma ọ bụ dichromate, na dị ka quaternary salmon ammonium nke ndị ejiri dochie anya mmiri hydrogen nke ammonium, dị ka ọ dị na tetramethylammonium chloride. .
Nkesa na mkpa
Ndị asịd Ha dị oke mkpa ma na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na n'okike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, hydrochloric acid bụ akụkụ nke sistemụ nri anyị, ọ dịkwa mkpa ka anyị mebie ogige nri na -edozi ahụ dị na nri. Deoxyribonucleic acid, nke a kacha mara amara DNA, mejupụtara chromosomes, nke bụ ebe ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị mkpa maka ihe dị ndụ ịmụba na ịzụlite ka a na -etinye koodu. Boric acid bụ ihe ama ama na ụlọ ọrụ iko.
Ndị calcium carbonate Ọ bụ nnu dị ukwuu n'ụdị nkume limestone dị iche iche. Site n'omume nke oke okpomọkụ (900 Celsius C), a na -enweta carbonate calcium na calcium oxide ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa. Ịtinye mmiri na quicklime na -emepụta calcium hydroxide, nke a na -akpọ lime slaked, nke bụ ntọala. A na -eji ihe ndị a arụ ụlọ.
