Ndinaya
A ntọala kemịkal bụ ihe niile Ihe na -agbaze na -ewepụta ion hydroxyl (ỌH–). A na -akpọkwa ntọala kemịkal dị ka alkalis, n'ihi na site na ịkewapụ na ịtọhapụ otu hydroxyl, PH nke ihe ngwọta na -abawanye, ya bụ, ihe ngwọta na -aghọ alkaline. Nke a na -emegide ihe na -eme mgbe a acid, n'ihi na n'ọnọdụ ahụ, pH na -ebelata, ihe ngwọta ya wee bụrụ acidic.
Ndị ntọala ha nwere ụtọ ilu. Mgbe ọ gbasasịrị, ihe ngwọta na -esite na -eduzi ọkụ eletrik (n'ihi ọnụnọ nke ion) na ha na -abụkarị caustic na mgbakasị ahụ na anụ ahụ mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ.
Ndabere ha na -ewepụ acid, na -akpụkarị nnu. Ngwọta alkaline na -adịkarị ka ọ na -amị amị ma ọ bụ ncha; Nke a na -eme n'ihi na ha na -ewepụta saponification ozugbo abụba dị n'elu akpụkpọ ahụ.
Ndị solubility nke hydroxides na -adabere na metal: ndị otu (I) bụ nke kacha agbaze na mmiri, n'aka nke ọzọ, hydroxides nke ihe ndị nwere ogo ọxịdashọn (II) adịghị soluble na ogo ogo ọxịdashọn (III) ma ọ bụ (IV) fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịgbari . Amines na ntọala nucleic acid bụ ihe kachasị agbasa na ntọala organic.
Ojiji nke ntọala
A na-eji sodium hydroxide n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ eme ihe: ọ bụ ihe a na-akpọ soda caustic. N'ime nrụpụta nke ncha a na -eji abụba anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ihe oriri, nke ejiri ya sie hydroxide sodium, yabụ a na -emepụta sodium stearate.
A na -ejikwa sodium hydroxide na -emepụta ndị na -ehicha ọkụ, na -emepụta pulp akwụkwọ na ụfọdụ ndị na -ehicha ụlọ. Ebe ọzọ a na -ejikarị eme ihe bụ calcium hydroxide, nke bụ oroma nkịrịsị gbanyụọ nke a na -eji ewu ya.
Ihe atụ nke ntọala kemịkal
sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) | Aniline |
Ntọala Schiff | Guanine |
calcium hydroxide (wayo) | Pyrimidine |
potassium hydroxide | Cytosine |
barium hydroxide | Adenin |
magnesium hydroxide (mmiri ara nke magnesia) | zinc hydroxide |
Amonia | ọla kọpa hydroxide |
Ncha | ígwè hydroxide |
Omo | titanium hydroxide |
Quinine | aluminum hydroxide (antacid) |