Ihe ndị dị ndụ

Ndinaya

• Ọrụ
• Ụdị biomolecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Protein

Ndị ihe ndị dị ndụ Ha bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị na ihe niile dị ndụ. Enwere ike ikwu na biomolecules mejupụtara ihe niile ihe dị ndụ n'agbanyeghị oke ya.

Otu molecule ọ bụla (nke bụ biomolecule) mejupụtara ya atọm. A na -akpọ ndị a bioelements. Enwere ike mejupụta bioelement ọ bụla carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sọlfọ na egwuregwu. Biomolecule ọ bụla ga -enwe ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ.

Ọrụ

Isi ọrụ biomolecules bụ 'ịbụ akụkụ mejupụtara' ihe niile dị ndụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị a ga -etolite usoro nke sel. Ọ nwekwara ike bụrụ na biomolecules ga -arụrịrị ọrụ dị mkpa maka sel.

Ụdị biomolecules

Enwere ike ekewa biomolecules n'ime biomolecules inorganic dịka Mmiri, nke Nnu nnu na gas, ebe biomolecules organic na -ekewa dịka ngwakọta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na ọrụ ha.

Enwere ụdị 4 ihe ndị dị ndụ biomolecules:

Carbohydrates. Mkpụrụ ndụ chọrọ carbohydrates n'ihi na ha na -enye nnukwu ike. Ndị a mejupụtara 3 bioelements: Carbon, Mmiri na Oxygen. Dabere na ngwakọta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a, carbohydrates nwere ike ịbụ:

• Monosaccharides. Ha nwere naanị otu molekul nke ọ bụla. N'ime otu a bụ mkpụrụ osisi. Glucose bụkwa monosaccharide ma dị n'ọbara nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.
• Disaccharides. Njikọ nke carbohydrates abụọ monosaccharide ga -abụ disaccharide. Ọmụmaatụ nke a bụ sucrose dị na shuga na lactose.
• Polysaccharides. Mgbe ejikọtara monosaccharides atọ ma ọ bụ karịa ha ga -ebute biomolecule polysaccharide carbohydrate. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a bụ starch (dị na poteto) na glycogen (dị n'ime ahụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọkachasị na akwara na akụkụ imeju).

Hụkwa: Ọmụmaatụ nke Monosaccharides, Disaccharides na Polysaccharides

Lipids. Ha na -etolite membranes sel ma bụrụ ike idobere maka ahu. Mgbe ụfọdụ ndị a nwere ike ịbụ vitamin ma ọ bụ homonụ. Ihe mejupụtara ha bụ acid fatty na mmanya. N'aka nke ha, ha nwere ụdọ dị ukwuu carbon na hydrogen. Enwere ike ịgbari ha naanị na ihe dị ka mmanya ma ọ bụ ether. Ya mere, ọ gaghị ekwe omume igbari ihe ndị a na mmiri. Enwere ike kewaa ha dịka ọrụ ha siri dị n'ime otu 4:

• Lipids nwere ọrụ ike. Ha nọ n'ụdị abụba. Ọ bụ agwa adipose nke ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ nwere n'okpuru anụahụ. Nke a lipid na -ewepụta mkpuchi na nchekwa site na oyi. Ọ dịkwa na akwụkwọ osisi, na -egbochi ha ihicha ngwa ngwa.
• Lipids nwere ọrụ nhazi. Ha bụ phospholipids (ha nwere ụmụ irighiri ihe phosphorous) na mejupụtara akpụkpọ ahụ sel.
• Lipids nwere ọrụ homonụ. A na -akpọkwa ndị a "steroid”. Ọmụmaatụ: homonụ mmekọahụ nwoke.
• Lipids nwere ọrụ vitamin. Lipids ndị a na -enye ihe maka uto kwesịrị ekwesị nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ vitamin A, D, na K.

Hụkwa: Ihe Nlereanya nke Lipids

Protein. Ha bụ biomolecules na -arụ ọrụ dị iche iche na ahụ. Ihe mejupụtara ha bụ molekul nke carbon, oxygen, hydrogen na nitrogen.

Ndị protein a nwere amino asịd. Enwere ụdị amino acid 20 dị iche iche. Ngwakọta nke amino acid ndị a ga -ebute protein dị iche iche. Agbanyeghị (ma nyekwa ọtụtụ njikọta) enwere ike ikewa ha na nnukwu ìgwè 5:

• Ndị na -edozi protein. Ha bụ akụkụ ahụ nke ihe niile dị ndụ. Ihe atụ nke otu protein a bụ keratin.
• Hormonal protein. Ha na -ahazi ụfọdụ ọrụ nke organism. Ọmụmaatụ nke otu a bụ insulin, nke nwere ọrụ nke ịchịkwa mbata glucose n'ime sel.
• Protein nchekwa. Ha na -arụ ọrụ dịka nchekwa anụ ahụ. Nke ahụ bụ, ọ bụ ha na -ahụ maka ịwakpo na ịgbachitere ahụ site na ụmụ nje, nje ma ọ bụ nje. Ndị a nwere aha ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa. Ọmụmaatụ: sel ọbara ọcha.
• Transport protein. Dị ka aha ha na -egosi, ọ bụ ha na -ebufe ihe ma ọ bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe site n'ọbara. Dịka ọmụmaatụ: haemoglobin.
• Ndị na -edozi protein na -arụ ọrụ enzymatic. Ha na -eme ngwa ngwa isonye na nri site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ahụ. Ọmụmaatụ nke a bụ amylase nke na -akụri glucose iji mee ka ahụ banye ya nke ọma.

Hụkwa: Ihe Nlereanya Protein

Nucleic asịd. Ha bụ asịd nke ga -ejirịrị ọrụ sel. Mana ọrụ bụ isi bụ ịnyefe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ. Ihe mejupụtara acid ndị a bụ molekul nke carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen na egwuregwu. A na -ekewa ndị a na nkeji nke akpọrọ nucleotides.

E nwere ụdị isi abụọ nke nucleic acid:

• DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA: ribonucleic acid

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide

1. Aldosa
2. Ketose
3. Deoxyribose
4. Fructose
5. Galactose
6. Ọbara glucose

Disaccharide nke carbohydrates

1. Cellobiose
2. Isomalt
3. Lactose ma ọ bụ shuga mmiri ara ehi
4. Maltose ma ọ bụ shuga malt
5. Sucrose ma ọ bụ shuga okpete na beets

Carbohydrates polysaccharide

1. Hyaluronic acid
2. Agarose
3. Starch
4. Amylopectin: starch gbara ụka
5. Amylose
6. Cellulose
7. Ọ bụ Dermatan sulfate
8. Fructosan
9. Glycogen
10. Paramilon
11. Peptidoglycans
12. Proteoglycans
13. Keratin sulfate
14. Chitin
15. Xylan

Lipids

1. Avocado (abụba na -adịghị edozi ahụ)
2. Ahụekere (abụba na -adịghị edozi ahụ)
3. Anụ ezi (abụba juru eju)
4. Ham (abụba juru eju)
5. Mmiri ara ehi (abụba juru afọ)
6. Mkpụrụ (abụba na -adịghị edozi ahụ)
7. Olive (abụba na -adịghị edozi ahụ)
8. Azụ (abụba polyunsaturated)
9. Chiiz (abụba juru)
10. Mkpụrụ Canola (Abụba na -adịghị edozi ahụ)
11. Anụ ezi (abụba jupụtara na ya)

Protein

Ndị na -edozi protein

1. Collagen (anụ ahụ jikọrọ eriri)
2. Glycoproteins (bụ akụkụ nke membranes sel)
3. Elastin (anụ ahụ jikọrọ njikọ)
4. Keratin ma ọ bụ keratin (epidermis)
5. Akụkọ ihe mere eme (chromosomes)

Hormonal protein

1. Calcitonin
2. Glucagon
3. Ọganihu hormone
4. Insulin homonụ
5. Hormones ndị agha

Protein nchekwa

1. Immunoglobulin
2. Thrombin na fibrinogen

Transport protein

1. Cytochromes
2. Hemocyanin
3. Haemoglobin

Ndị na -arụ ọrụ enzymes

1. Gliadin, sitere na ọka wit
2. Lactalbumin, site na mmiri ara ehi
3. Reserve Ovalbumin, site na akwa ọcha

Nucleic asịd

1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
2. Ozi RNA (ribonucleic acid)
3. RNA nke Ribosomal
4. RNA nke artificial
5. Nyefee RNA
6. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
7. ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
8. AMP (adenosine monophosphate)
9. GTP (guanosine triphosphate)